Decison-making Process

First priority in making a decision is to establish who are the decision-maker and stakeholders in the decision or the audience for the decision. Identifying the decision-maker early in the process cuts down on disagreement about problem definition, requirements, goals, and criteria.

Although the decision-maker seldom will be involved in the day-to-day work of making evaluations, feedback from the decision-maker is vital at four steps in the process:

1. Problem definition [step 1]

2. Requirements identification [step 2]

3. Goal establishment [step 3]

4. Evaluation criteria development [step 5]

When appropriate, stakeholders should also be consulted. By acquiring their input during theearly steps of the decision process, stakeholders can provide useful feedback before a decision is made.

It is the decision team’s job to make sure that all steps of the process are adequately performed.Usually the decision support staff should include the help of skilled and experienced analysis or facilitators to assist with all stages of the decision process. Expert facilitation can help assurethat all the steps are properly performed and documented. Their experience and expertise willhelp provide transparency to the decision making process and help avoid misunderstandings that often lead to questions about the validity of the analyses which ultimately slow progress.

There have eight steps for the general decision-making process:

1. Define problem
2. Determine the requirements that the solution to the problem must meet
3. Establish goals that solving the problem should accomplish
4. Identify alternatives that will solve the problem
5. Develop evaluation criteria based on the goals
6. Select a decision-making tool
7. Apply the tool to select a preferred alternative
8. Check the answer to make sure it solves the problem

Leader

A true leader accepts responsibility for his/her choices and the impact those choices have on others;
A true leader has the courage to stand up for his/her convictions even in the face of unpopularity;
A true leader show compassion for others,not just in words,but in deeds and actions;
A true leader has a humanity for a greater purpose,not just for early rewards.

From Anne Davis

Leadership involves a variety of skills. Leaders must have skills in communicating effectively, listening actively, working with people, and helping others work together in group. Leaders must have integrity and honesty. Good leader must first learn to be followers. Leader doesn't dominate in group, but lead by his or her actions. Leader need changes with the situation, thus different poeple can lead at different times. The best leader takes on many different roles to support the needs of the group. True leader focus on helping his or her groups achieves its goals rather than on his or her own recognition.

Leadership can be learned just like other skills, but it requires practice and determination. So, everyone can be a leader. The best way to learn leadership skills is work on leadership-related skills and apply them in situation require leadership action. Focusing on five leadership skills areas will help you strenthen and improve your leadership ability.

1. Understanding self- understand and develop a positive attitude
2. Communicating- effective two way sharing of information through speaking, listening, writing, and body language.
3. Getting along with others- develop and understand of how you relate to other people and accept and appreciate the difference between others and yourself.
4. Managing- Learn steps and approaches to make decision, set goals, and choose resources to achieve those goals.
5. Working with groups- Learn how to work together

Is easy to be a leader but is difficult to become a good leader.

Books

This book we will figure it out communication between men and women. It contains ten chapters which are:
1. Why won't anybody listen to me?
2. It's a Communication Skill
3. It's a Gender Issue
4. It's an Age Issue
5. It's a Power Issue
6. Feel Like an Equal
7. Act Like an Equal
8. Sound Like an Equal
9. Look Likan Equal
10. The Conversational Wardrobe

The Problems and Solutions-Briefly

The major culprits,then,are taking toong to get to the point and using too many details to expand that point.WHat quick solutions exist:

• Put your point first
• Follow with just the essential details,itemized
  

http://www.amazon.com/How-Talk-Men-Will-Listen/dp/0595175252/ref=sr_1_20?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235369266&sr=1-20

Introduction

What is a real man?How does he think and act?Today,men are questioning who they are and what they are meant to play in their life.

What should men do?Should they hold on to traditiona roles and ways of thinking,or should they follow the road being pavec by new concepts of maleness?

This book will help you further explore he nature of men in a practal and personal way in regard to your own life,if you are a man,or to help you better understand and relate yo your husband,father,brother,or male friends,if you are a woman.

http://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Purpose-Power-Men-Study/dp/0883688557/ref=sr_1_26?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1235369314&sr=1-26

Communication between men or women

For males, conversation is the way you negotiate your status in the group and keep people from pushing you around; you use talk to preserve your independence. Females, on the other hand, use conversation to negotiate closeness and intimacy; talk is the essence of intimacy, so being best friends means sitting and talking. For boys, activities, doing things together, are central. Just sitting and talking is not an essential part of friendship. They're friends with the boys they do things with.

Women want men to do what we want. We want them to want to do what we want, because that's what we do. If a woman perceives that something she's doing is really hurting a man, she wants to stop doing it. If she perceives that he really wants her to do something, she wants to do it. She thinks that that's love and he should feel the same way about her. But men have a gut-level resistance to doing what they're told, to doing what someone expects them to do. It's the opposite response of what women have." She reminds readers that, of course, there are men who are very helpful toward their women. "But if a man is going to be touchy, it's more likely to go in that direction. Whereas if a woman is insecure, she's more likely to go in the other direction, [and] be super- accommodating.

Conflict Resolution

So what are the skills used to support conflict resolution, which also happen to support effective communication?

They are:

Listening

Summarising

Questioning

Listening
The purpose of listening in conflict resolution is not for the listener to get ‘the facts’ but to support the speaker in understanding their own thoughts and feelings about the destructive conflict they are involved in. If you are focused on getting the facts it suggests you are wanting to take some level of control of the situation in order to resolve it for the speaker. You can't resolve another person's destructive conflict, you can only help them to resolve it themselves.

Summarising
An effective summary maximizes the effectiveness of the communication that occurs through a checking with the speaker whether the summary is an accurate statement of what was said. The summary is not a ‘statement of fact’ about what was said, it is an opportunity to clarify with the speaker that the thoughts and feelings and viewpoints they have expressed have been heard accurately. Besides, summarising is not a 'high pressure' activity for the listener as the summary is not going to be 'perfect' the first time it is given and it does not need to be.

Questioning
An open question allows the person to create any one of a number of possible answers that work for them. A closed, leading question means the person can only answer yes or no to the disguised direction they are being given. The closed question approach is what often leads to the idea of ‘empowerment’ being looked upon with some cynicism as it is paternalism trying to pretend it is something else. It still harbours an ‘I know better than you and you should do as I say’ subtext which does not value the individual’s capacity to decide their own path.

Create Positive Communication Climate

The following are strategies for creating climates of positive communication:

• Avoid making assumptions - Avoid drawing conclusions before meeting with an individual or a family based on written information. Read only what you need to ask informed questions.
• Avoid jargon and explain technical terms - Use conversational language with individuals and families, and explain any technical terms. Service coordinators should refer to service agencies by name as opposed to initials, and explain terms such as behavioral intervention, authorizations, etc.
• Share complete and unbiased information - Share results of assessments with people in their entirety, giving individuals and families information with which to make informed choices. Avoid screening information based on personal values.
• Offer suggestions to individuals, but be certain that its clear that the suggestions are not the only options - Share advice with individuals and families, letting them know all other possibilities. Be supportive if they choose another option.
• Don't be afraid to say "I don't know." Be honest with people. Everyone appreciates a service coordinator who will look into the questions and get back to the person or family with the answer.
• Recognize differences in the way people acknowledge and understand information.- Explain information to people using a variety of aids (e.g., drawings, pictures) if necessary. Allow time for processing information, and answering questions.
• Strive for equality - Meet with individuals in a location where they are comfortable. If the meeting is at the regional center office, make the room comfortable for a discussion. Sitting behind a desk will likely convey professional distance.
• Respect cultural differences - Ask the focus person who ought to be invited to meetings. This will likely vary from person to person and family to family.
• Pay attention and respond to nonverbal cues - Be aware of body language of all parties.

Sign Language

A sign language is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses visually transmitted sign patterns likes manual communication, body language and lip patterns to convey meaning. Simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body and facial expressions to express fluidly a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages commonly develop in deaf communities, which can include interpreters and friends and families of deaf people as well as people who is deaf or hard of hearing themselves. Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages develop.

In fact, their complex spatial grammars are markedly different from the grammars of spoken languages. Hundreds of sign languages are in use around the world and are at the cores of local deaf cultures. Some sign languages have obtained form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all.

In addation to sign languages, various signed codes of spoken languages have been developed such as Signed English and Warlpiri Sign Language. These aren't to be confused with languages, oral or signed. A signed code of an oral language is simply a signed mode of the language it carries, just as a writing system in a written mode.Signed codes of oral languages can be useful for learning oral languages or for expressing and discussing literal quotations from those languages, but they are generally too awkward and unwieldy for normal discourse. For example, a teacher and deaf student of English in the United States might use Signed English to cite examples of English usage, but the discussion of those examples would be in American Sign Language.

Actually most people use Hello and Goodbye signs even if they don’t know any sign language without even realising it. That is because the signs for hello and goodbye are waves. Hello is a wave from right to left while goodbye is a wave with the hand folding up and down. And of course, these signs are recognised by people who do not know sign language as well, making the very basic introductions between people everywhere very simple regardless of their language abilities. Hence, I strongly believe that sign language isn't a difficult way to learn and we'll figure it out how interesting and amazing it is.

Basic Greeting

Greeting also call accosting is way for human beings to intentionally communicate awareness of each other's presencs, to show attention to, and to suggest a tpe of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.

As with many forms of comminication, greeting habits are highly culture and situation specific and may chnge within a culture depending on social status and relationship; the phenomenon as such exists in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and ceremonial salutes ut includes rituals other than gestures. Basically, greetings are often but not always used just prior to a conversation.

A modest discussion starter

How do you know how to greet someone? What cues does a person use to choose the appropriate greeting? There are few gestures to greet someone. For example bowing, cheek kising, eskimo kissing, first pound, high-five, hug, pressing nose, hand shake, hand-kissing, hand raising or tipping, and so on. Voicemail greeting also is another way to greet. Voicemail greetings are pre-recorded message that are automatically played to callers, when voicemail answer the calls.

Relevant to this is a little snapshot in USAToday (January 8, 2009) on kissing as a form of greeting. Men and women differ considerably. 32% of men will kiss only the immediate family while 41% of women kiss only the immediate family.36% of the men would kiss very close friends, which seems very high to this greeting watcher while 36% of the women would. As to the percentage of men and women who would kiss only a member of the opposite sex: 33% of men and only 5% of women. Thus, men and women have a different greeting way depend on the situation and the people.

In my view point, we will greet friends, family or the people every moment and everyday. Greeting can count as our daily routine too. It is very important to learn how to greet with someone especially in manner way. Even the person is your enemy or you just don't like he or she, we also need to greet with them before start a conversation but perhaps is not in a manner way. At least we already show our generous and maybe in one we will become close friend. We don't know what is in the future and what is going on in the future too. Hence, we must show our polite when greet with someone and we will have a same feedback.

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